Arterial and venous hyperemia

Hyperemia means "increase blood flow" vascular bed. It may have local restrictions or to spread over large areas of the body.

Physiological hyperemia develops in the conditions of intensive work of the muscles, overactive organs and tissues. This is normal, due to adaptation to external and internal needs of the human body.

More important is the study of the pathological congestion, its causes, peculiarities of manifestations in different diseases and the diagnostic value.

Venous and arterial hyperemia has different mechanisms of development, although most often they are interrelated. In view of the congestion judge the violation of microcirculation, the stage of disease and treatment.

Arterial hyperemia: signs, pathophysiology of impaired circulation

Arterial hyperemia is always caused by increased blood flow to the organs or parts of the body, the character is "active". It is accompanied by:

• to improve the speed of blood flow;
• expanding the diameter of blood vessels;
• the increasing pressure inside arteries.

Signs blood congestion include:

• the increase in the number of vessels (collaterals connection);
• redness of the area of the mucous membrane or skin;
• the leveling of the difference in oxygen concentration between arteries and veins;
• an unusual ripple on the arteries;
• increased the volume of hyperemic area;
• the temperature increase of the skin;
• increased formation of lymph and increasing lymphatic circulation.

All of the signs associated with the pathophysiology of blood circulation. It turned out that when a large flow rate for the extended channel, the red blood cells are unable to quickly convey to the tissues the oxygen molecules. So part of the oxyhemoglobin into the vein. This pigment causes visible redness.

Cause neirotoksicescoe hyperemia is the increased vascular tone due to activation of parasympathetic nervous system. As a physiological response can be observed when emotional outbreaks by redness of the face.

Under pathological conditions such irritant properties have toxins viruses. We see the redness of the skin with flu, herpes infection on the background of fever.

Neuroparalitical action on arteries is caused by decreased tonus of the vasoconstrictor nerves, which leads to the expansion diameter. A similar pathophysiological mechanism characteristic of postischemic tissue reactions: in the area of anemia artery is first narrowed, and then paralysis and a sharp increase.

This possibility consider the doctors in the procedure thoracocentesis (the venting of fluid from the abdominal cavity), after extraction of large tumors, birth. Usedtight tug of the belly, because lasting compression of the internal organs rapid removal of pressure can cause severe redness. As a result, in the peritoneum deposited a large amount of blood, and the brain remains depleted. The patient loses consciousness.

• mechanical obstruction, compression of the outflow pathways of blood through the main veins by the tumor, cicatricial degeneration of the tissues of a pregnant uterus, strangulated hernia;
• decrease power of cardiac contractions;
• decrease the suction the role of the thorax and diaphragm in wounds and injuries, increased abdominal;
• broken valve mechanism for pumping the venous blood and retaining in a vertical position (varicose disease);
• increased viscosity and blood clotting, significantly impeding circulation;
• the tendency to under-pressure or acute shock;
• thrombosis or embolism venous.

For venous hyperemia typical of the following symptoms:

• the bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes in visible areas (extremities, face);
• lowering the temperature in the affected organ and tissues;
• swelling of the surrounding tissues.

The pathological mechanism that causes a sharp drop in the flow velocity. Fluid enters interstitial space. Swelling usually well expressed. The result is tissue hypoxia — oxygen starvation.

Sedentary blood and aggregation of platelets creates a risk of thrombosis and embolization of the internal organs. Oxygen deficiency suspends the metabolic rate helps stop detoxification. Against this background, the accession of infection causing the gangrene. And blood platelets form conglomerates of cells. Together with the fibrin starts the overlap of the vein thrombotic masses who add up to stagnation.